Ketones and the cardiovascular system

Ketone bodies, the main one being β-hydroxybutyrate, have emerged as important regulators of cardiovascular system. In healthy individuals, well in individuals with heart failure or post-myocardial infarction, ketones provide a supplemental energy source for both and vasculature. failing heart, this additional may contribute to improved cardiac performance, whereas increasing ketone oxidation vascular smooth muscle endothelial cells enhances cell proliferation prevents blood vessel rarefication. Ketones also actions signaling pathways, posttranslational modification pathways gene transcription; many which modify proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress, function remodeling. Attempts therapeutically increase delivery system are numerous shown mixed results terms effectiveness. Here we review bioenergetic effects on system, discuss how can potentially be used treat diseases. Lopaschuk Dyck potential application treating